1.1.3.1 Headings

Type headings in normal uppercase and lowercase form rather than using the caps lock key. Any final styling, such as small caps, all caps, boldface, or other display treatment, will be handled during typesetting.

Do not attach footnote or endnote numbers to chapter titles or subheadings. Authors should also avoid opening a chapter with a generic subheading such as “Introduction” unless there is a clear reason to do so. In most cases, no more than three levels of subheading should be used; additional levels tend to make the structure difficult to follow and unnecessarily complicated.

Use the same formatting every time a heading level appears. Higher-level headings should be more visually prominent than lower-level headings. Headings should use headline-style capitalization (“title case”) unless otherwise noted. Do not end a heading with a period.

Use the following hierarchy:

Long headings may be single-spaced or shortened to fit on one line. Do not leave more space before a heading than after it. Do not leave a heading by itself at the bottom of a page.